The E,F,G,H,I,J,K of Quality Terms
F
F-tests
used to test variances or dispersion effects. Fpr example, if a company has two manufacturing lines making the same product but different regions of the world, a F-test may be used to compare the variance of one line's output vs. that of the other. [Statistical inference tests to comparethe quality of different products / processes and compare the performance of different groups.]
Factorial Design
Factorial design are generally employed in engineering and manufacturing experiments. It is appropriate when several factors are to be investigated at two or more levels and interaction of factors may be important. Also see Design of Experiments. Full Factorial Designs ? study of two or more factors where all possible combinations of the levels of the factors are investigated. In brief, 2k Full Factorial involves: a) an experiment with k factors; b) each factor is studied at 2 levels (high-low); c) investigate all combination of factors and levels. Note: 3k full factorials studies k factors, each at 3 levels (high, medium, low).
Fault Tree Analysis
A deductive analysis method that provides a systematic description of the combinations of possible occurrences in a system that can result in failure. It is a graphical representation of the boolean logic that relates to the result. The method can be applied as a diagnosis and development tool and is especially helpful in early design stages. This was developed in 1962 by HA Watson (Bell Laboratories) for the US Air Force. Boeing adopted this in 1966.
Failure Mode Analysis – FMA
Developed from a fault tree, a FMA chart is usually prepared to assess the probability of and assign priority to potential root causes of failure.
Failure Mode Avoidance
a quality discipline with focus on finding failure modes early in the development process, then applying countermeasures to fix them. D Clausing suggested FMA as a pragmatic strategy to achieve reliability improvement.
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis – FMEA
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis is systematized technique which identifies and ranks the potential failure modes of a design or manufacturing process in order to prioritize improvement actions. Click here for a small presentation from WISC FMEA form developing a FMEA SAE J-1739 Recommended Practice for FMEA
Feasibility
Factorial Design
Factorial design are generally employed in engineering and manufacturing experiments. It is appropriate when several factors are to be investigated at two or more levels and interaction of factors may be important. Also see Design of Experiments. Full Factorial Designs ? study of two or more factors where all possible combinations of the levels of the factors are investigated. In brief, 2k Full Factorial involves: a) an experiment with k factors; b) each factor is studied at 2 levels (high-low); c) investigate all combination of factors and levels. Note: 3k full factorials studies k factors, each at 3 levels (high, medium, low).
Fault Tree Analysis
A deductive analysis method that provides a systematic description of the combinations of possible occurrences in a system that can result in failure. It is a graphical representation of the boolean logic that relates to the result. The method can be applied as a diagnosis and development tool and is especially helpful in early design stages. This was developed in 1962 by HA Watson (Bell Laboratories) for the US Air Force. Boeing adopted this in 1966.
Failure Mode Analysis – FMA
Developed from a fault tree, a FMA chart is usually prepared to assess the probability of and assign priority to potential root causes of failure.
Failure Mode Avoidance
a quality discipline with focus on finding failure modes early in the development process, then applying countermeasures to fix them. D Clausing suggested FMA as a pragmatic strategy to achieve reliability improvement.
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis – FMEA
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis is systematized technique which identifies and ranks the potential failure modes of a design or manufacturing process in order to prioritize improvement actions. Click here for a small presentation from WISC FMEA form developing a FMEA SAE J-1739 Recommended Practice for FMEA
Feasibility
A determination that a process, design, procedure, or plan can be successfully accomplished in the required time frame.
Finite Element Analysis
A technique for modeling a complex structure. When the mathematical model is subjected to known loads, the displacement of the structure may be determined.
First Time Capability – FTC
First Time Capability measures the degree to which a new process produces the desired result (for example, an assembly with acceptable SPC performance) without rework and production delays.
Fish Bone Diagram or a Cause & Effect Diagram
A systematic analysis tool that organizes the effects of a problem and its possible causes, in a graphical display that often resembles the skeleton of a fish.
Flow Chart
Organize information about a process in a graphical manner thus making it clear who is impacted.
Finite Element Analysis
A technique for modeling a complex structure. When the mathematical model is subjected to known loads, the displacement of the structure may be determined.
First Time Capability – FTC
First Time Capability measures the degree to which a new process produces the desired result (for example, an assembly with acceptable SPC performance) without rework and production delays.
Fish Bone Diagram or a Cause & Effect Diagram
A systematic analysis tool that organizes the effects of a problem and its possible causes, in a graphical display that often resembles the skeleton of a fish.
Flow Chart
Organize information about a process in a graphical manner thus making it clear who is impacted.
Focus Group Survey
Help better understand customer perceptions of a company's products/services. Focus groups consist of 8-10 current or potential customers who meet for a few hours to discuss a product and is usually moderated.
Forming, Storming, Norming, & Performing (FSNP, teamwork)
Forming (bringing the team together, defing the task and the boundaries), Storming (brainstorming possible solutions and sifting through the ideas to pick the ones to evaluate), Norming (getting the team buy-in and working through the list of solutions) and Performing (implementing the possible solutions).
Functional Verification
Functional Verification is testing to ensure the part conforms to all customer and supplier engineering performance and material requirements. Functional verification (to applicable customer engineering material and performance standards) may be required by some customers annually unless another frequency is established in a customer approval control plan. Results shall be available for customer review upon request.
Future Reality Tree – FRT
(part of the Theory of Constraints Thinking Process) FRT is an effect-cause-effect sequence designed to show how a proposed changes would affect reality; specifically how and why we expect the proposal to produce a desired outcome. It is a paper-based logical simulation to test a proposed change for its ability to produce desired effects, as well as to test a change's tendency to produce new, undesirable effects. These undesirable effects, out on the limbs of negative branches of the tree, may then be explored to determine what additional changes/preparations may be necessary to avoid them.
G
G R&R
Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility. Gage R&R form.
Gemba
Where all the activity is. 5 Rules to follow-1. Go to the gemba first; 2. Check with gembutsu; 3. Take countermeasures; 4. Find root cause; 5. Standardize to prevent recurrence
Genchi Genbutsu
Go see the problem. This is the belief that practical experience is valued over theoretical knowledge. You must see the problem to know the problem.
Grade
An indicator of category or rank related to features or characteristics that cover different sets of needs for products or services intended for the same functional use.
H
Hansei Event
reflecting (on learning)
Heijunka
tool is used for scheduling production in a pull system. The overall leveling, in the production schedule, of the volume and variety of items produced in given time periods. Heijunka is a pre-requisite for just-in-time delivery.
Histogram
a graphical representation of a frequency distribution in the form of rectangles whose bases are equal to the cell interval and whose areas are proportional to the frequencies.
Hooke's Law
stress is proportional to strain. This law is valid only up to the proportional limit, or the end of the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve.
Homeostasisthe stability of a system's internal environment, despite having to cope with an unpredictable external environment.
Hoshin Kanri
a japanese methodology to ensure that management's strategic vision is deployed into each and every employee's daily activities. The literal translation for this is - 'ho' meaning method or form and 'shin' meaning shining needle or compass. 'Kanri' means management or control. Hoshin: goals (with targets) and means for achieving it to address business priorities to move the organization to a new level of performance, variable from year-to-year, could also be multi-year, and is developed by executive management.
Hooke's Law
stress is proportional to strain. This law is valid only up to the proportional limit, or the end of the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve.
Homeostasisthe stability of a system's internal environment, despite having to cope with an unpredictable external environment.
Hoshin Kanri
a japanese methodology to ensure that management's strategic vision is deployed into each and every employee's daily activities. The literal translation for this is - 'ho' meaning method or form and 'shin' meaning shining needle or compass. 'Kanri' means management or control. Hoshin: goals (with targets) and means for achieving it to address business priorities to move the organization to a new level of performance, variable from year-to-year, could also be multi-year, and is developed by executive management.
I
The Iceberg Effect
90% of an iceberg's mass is below the surface, not visible to the eye. Many aspects of business are like that.
Indifference Quality Level (IQL)
The point that divides acceptable from unacceptable performance.
I/MR Chart
The I/MR chart is a combined chart consisting of: 'individuals' (I) chart with values of each individual observation that provides a means to assess process center; and a 'moving range' (MR) chart with the range calculated from subgroups created from successive observations that provides a means to assess process variation. I/MR chart is used to draw a combined control chart for assessing whether process center and variation are in control when your data is individual observations. When subgroups are available use an X-Bar & R Chart.
Inspection
Activities, such as measuring, examining, testing, gaging one or more characteristics of a product or service, and comparing these with specified requirements to determine conformity.
Interim Approval
Permits shipment of products for a specified time period or quantity.
J
Jidoka
Jidoka
one of the two main pillars of TPS. It refers to the ability to stop production lines, by man or machine, in the event of problems such as equipment malfunction, quality issues, or late work. Jidoka helps prevent the passing of defects, helps identify and correct problem areas using localization and isolation, and makes it possible to “build” quality at the production process.
Jishuken
Jishuken
management driven kaizen activity where management members identify areas in need of continuous improvement and spread information through the organization to stimulate kaizen activity.
Juran
Dr. Juran first began developing a philosophy of quality in 1926 when he started working for the quality inspections division at Western Electric. He theorized that the field really depended on human factors, especially the work of managers, and that quality problems should be solved systemically. Juran first became well known in the quality field in the US as the editor of the Quality Control Handbook (1951) and later for his paper introducing the quality trilogy - planning, control and improvement. He developed the Pareto principle, named after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, which observes that 80% of the problems in management arise from 20% of causes.
Just-In-Time
one of the two main pillars of TPS. It refers to the manufacturing and conveyance of only what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount needed. It is built upon three basic principles: the pull system, continuous flow processing and takt time.
K
3K
3K
kiken (dangerous), kitanai (dirty), kitsui (stressful) - Japanese words referring to hazards of the conventional work place
Kaikaku
japanese for radical improvement.
Kaizen
Taken from the Japanese words kai and zen where kai means change and zen means good. The popular meaning is continuous improvement of all areas of a company not just quality.
Kanban
A small sign that is the key control for the just-in-time production. It serves as: instruction for production and conveyance; visual control tool to check for over production and to detect irregular processing speeds; tool to perform kaizen.
Kankei-kaisha
affiliated supplier plant
Kano Model
In the late 1970s Dr. Noriaki Kano of Tokyo Rika University further refined the notion of quality derived partially from his study of Herzberg's "Motivator-Hygiene Theory" and re-defined quality along two dimensions in contrast to the linear "good-bad" "ok-not ok" dimension in existence all along. The two dimensions were: 1) the degree to which a product or service performs, & 2) the degree to which the user is satisfied. The correlation of quality on two axes further led to three unique definitions of quality, namely: basic quality, performance quality and excitement quality.
Kano Model
In the late 1970s Dr. Noriaki Kano of Tokyo Rika University further refined the notion of quality derived partially from his study of Herzberg's "Motivator-Hygiene Theory" and re-defined quality along two dimensions in contrast to the linear "good-bad" "ok-not ok" dimension in existence all along. The two dimensions were: 1) the degree to which a product or service performs, & 2) the degree to which the user is satisfied. The correlation of quality on two axes further led to three unique definitions of quality, namely: basic quality, performance quality and excitement quality.
Kansei
Kansei engineering is a consumer-oriented technology process used to develop products. It uses the consumer’s feelings (kansei) as a guideline in creating the product. In order to do Kansei engineering, one must first determine the Kansei words suitable for the product to be designed. Designers would then create different concepts out of these words. After creating the concepts, these concepts would then be presented to the consumers and rated with the same Kansei words gathered before to determine if the product has matched the Kansei. The rating test contains scales of 1 to 5 with antonym Kansei words on both ends. The process may continue to cycle until the people involved in the development are satisfied with the results.
Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
KPI refers to the short list of measurable parameters that will indicate how well the business is doing at attaining its goals. In a manufacturing quality scenario, this may be the amount of scrap or rework that gets metered. In a service quality scenario, such as an insurance company, this may be the open inventory of unprocessed claims. In brand management, market share in itself and in comparison with competing brands is sure to be relevant. In logistics, on-time deliveries, empty return loads, or missing items are candidate indicators.
Key Performance Indicators (KPI)
KPI refers to the short list of measurable parameters that will indicate how well the business is doing at attaining its goals. In a manufacturing quality scenario, this may be the amount of scrap or rework that gets metered. In a service quality scenario, such as an insurance company, this may be the open inventory of unprocessed claims. In brand management, market share in itself and in comparison with competing brands is sure to be relevant. In logistics, on-time deliveries, empty return loads, or missing items are candidate indicators.
No comments:
Post a Comment