QUALITY - The meanings in brief
This is a series on the various quality terms that would be useful to any engineering or management student.
The Information here is from a friend of mine doing MBA at Chennai - Due Regards to this STUDENT.
THE ABCD OF QUALITY TERMS....
A
Abilene Paradox
observed by management expert Jerry B. Harvey in his 1988 book "The Abilene Paradox and other Meditations on Management" Abilene Paradox (same as groupthink).
Accredited Registrars
Accredited Registrars are qualified organizations certified by a national body to perform audits to the QS9000 standard and to register the audited facility as meeting these requirements for a given commodity.
Acceptable Quality Level(AQL)
AQL is limit of a satisfactory process average at a particular quality level when a continuing series of lots is considered.
Acceptance Sampling
Inspection of a sample from a lot to decide whether to accept or not accept that lot. There are two types - attributes sampling and variables sampling.
Accuracy
The closeness of agreement between an observed value and an accepted reference value. Also see Precision.
Activity-based costing(ABC)
A system for making business decisions based on cost information of fundamental business activities as tasks related to product design, development, quality, manufacturing, distribution, customer acquisition, service and support. ABC is sometimes considered a form of business process re-engineering as it insists on surfacing a manageable number of cost drivers that can be used to trace variable business costs to customer, products and processes.
Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP)
Generally speaking APQP is a structured method of defining the steps necessary to ensure that a product satisfies the customer. In the automotive industry, APQP is a systematic product introduction process that aims to facilitate supply chain communication and ensure quality throughout the vehicle development process.
Affinity Diagram
A way to organize facts, opinions, ideas and issues into natural groupings as an aid to diagnosis on a complex problem. A large number of ideas are generated and then organized into groupings to reveal major themes.
Agile Manufacturing
Tools, techniques, and initiatives that enable a plant or company to thrive under conditions of unpredictable change. Agile manufacturing not only enables a plant to achieve rapid response to customer needs, but also includes the ability to quickly reconfigure operations and strategic alliances to respond rapidly to unforeseen shifts in the marketplace.
AIAG
Automotive Industry Action Group
Andon
A type of visual control that displays the current state of work (i.e., abnormal conditions, work instructions, job progress info). It is one of the main tools of Jidoka.
Analysis of Means (ANOM)
Developed by Ellis R. Ott in 1967 (later enhanced by Edward Schilling), ANOM is a statistical procedure for troubleshooting industrial processes and analyzing the results of experimental designs with factors at fixed levels. It provides a graphical display of data. Ellis R. Ott developed the procedure in 1967 because he observed that non-statisticians had difficulty understanding analysis of variance.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
A basic statistical technique for analyzing experimental data. It subdivides the total variation of a data set into meaningful component parts associated with specific sources of variation in order to test a hypothesis on the parameters of the model or to estimate variance components. ANOVA is used to test whether the means of many samples differ but it does so using variation instead of mean. It compares the amount of variation within the samples to the amount of variation between the means of samples. If the 'between variation' is significantly larger than the 'within variation', we conclude that the mean of our response has changed. An excellent tool to help visualize an ANOVA analysis is a multiple box plot - showing the mean (dot) and the within group variation (box). ANOVA provides an effective technique to separate inherent variance and special cause variance (i.e., group effect variation). ANOVA also provides a methodology to evaluate the robustness of a process to various levels of a particular factor (or treatment).
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Developed by Thomas Saaty, AHP provides a proven, effective means to deal with complex decision making and can assist with identifying and weighting selection criteria, analyzing the data collected for the criteria and expediting the decision-making process.
Appearance Item
Is a product that is visible once the vehicle is completed. Certain customers will identify appearance items on the engineering drawings. In these cases, special approval for appearance (color, grain, texture, etc.) is required prior to production part submissions.
Apportionment
Synonymous with the term Reliability Apportionment, which is the assignment of reliability goals from system to subsystem in such a way that the whole system will have the required reliability.
Approved Drawing
Is an engineering drawing signed by the engineer and released through the customer's system.
Approved Material
Approved Materials are materials governed either by industry standard specifications (e.g., SAE, ASTM, DIN, ISO) or by customer specifications.
APQP
Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP) is a structured method of defining and establishing the steps necessary to assure that a product satisfies the customer.
Assessment
An evaluation process including a document review, an on-site audit and an analysis and report. Customers may also include a self-assessment, internal audit results and other materials in the assessment.
Atari mae hinshitsu (japanese term)
Taken for granted quality
Attribute
The property a unit has of being either bad or good. That is, the quality characteristic of a unit is either within the specified requirements or it is not.
Attribute Data
Attributes data are qualitative data that can be counted for recording and analysis. Examples include the presence or absence of a required label, the installation of all required fasteners. Attributes data are not acceptable for production part submissions unless variables data cannot be obtained. The control charts based on attribute data are percent chart, number of affected units chart, count chart, count-per-unit chart, quality score chart, and demerit chart.
Audit (Quality)
An independent review conducted to compare some aspect of quality performance with a standard for that performance. (Juran, Quality Control Handbook)
Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ)
The expected average quality level of outgoing product for a given value of incoming product quality.
Average Outgoing Quality Limit(AOQL)
The maximum average outgoing quality over all possible levels of incoming quality for a given acceptance sampling plan and disposal specification.
A3 Report
The A3 report is a tool used for problem solving in the course of work. The name "A3" describes the size of paper on which the report is written. The steps of the report include identifying a problem, understanding the current condition, determining the root cause, developing a target condition, implementation plan, and follow-up plan. These steps are all written and drawn (not typed) out on a single piece of A3 paper.
Average Outgoing Quality Limit(AOQL)
The maximum average outgoing quality over all possible levels of incoming quality for a given acceptance sampling plan and disposal specification.
A3 Report
The A3 report is a tool used for problem solving in the course of work. The name "A3" describes the size of paper on which the report is written. The steps of the report include identifying a problem, understanding the current condition, determining the root cause, developing a target condition, implementation plan, and follow-up plan. These steps are all written and drawn (not typed) out on a single piece of A3 paper.
B
Balanced Array
in an experiment the array of factors and levels must be balanced. To satisfy this there must be: 1. Equal numbers of levels in each column, 2. The Sum Product of each pair of columns equals zero (taking levels as '+' & '-').
Balanced Scorecard
A framework which translates a company's vision and strategy into a coherent set of performance measures. Developed by Robert Kaplan and David Norton (published in the Harvard Business Review in 1993), a balanced business scorecard helps businesses evaluate how well they meet their strategic objectives. It typically has four to six components, each with a series of submeasures. Each component highlights one aspect of the business. The balanced scorecard includes measures of performance that are lagging (return on capital, profit), medium-term indicators (like customer satisfaction indices) and leading indicators (such as adoption rates for, or revenue from, new products).
Bayesian Inference
A numerical estimate of the degree of belief in a hypothesis before and after evidence has been observed.
Batch
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform.
Bathtub Curve
The sum of all reliability failures over time (consists of the effects of early life failures, usefule life failures and wear out failures).
Benchmarking
A continuous process of measurement of products, services and work processes, against those recognised as leaders.
Benchmark Data
The results of an investigation to determine how competitors and/or best-in-class companies achieve their level of performance.
Best Practices
Best practices are practical techniques gained from experience that organizations may use to improve internal processes.
Bias
A systematic error which contributes to the difference between a population mean of measurements or test results and an accepted reference value.
Bimodal Distribution
A statistical distribution having two modes - indicating a mixing of two populations such as different shifts, machines, workers, etc.
Binomial Distribution
The distribution of a binomial response variable, one which has two possible outcomes - yes, no; pass, fail, etc.
Bill of Material
Total list of all components/materials required to manufacture the product.
Black Belt
A leadership structure for Six-sigma process improvement teams. Black Belts are highly-regarded, technically-oriented product or line personnel who have an ability to lead teams as well as to advise management.
Block Diagram
The block diagram is a simple pictorial representation of a system/sub-systems linked to illustrate the relationships between components / subsystems.
Blocking
a technique used in classical DOE to remove the effects of unwanted noise or variability from the experimental response so that only the effects from the control factors are present in the response data.
Boundary Diagram
Graphical illustration of a process or product and it's interfaces to other parts, processes, sub-systems and systems.
Box-Behken Design (BBD)
A form of response surface method.
Brainstorming
A method to get ideas from persons who are potential contributors. No criticism or discussion of ideas is allowed until all the ideas are recorded. The ideas are critically reviewed after the brainstorming session.
Bulk Materials
Are products that do not have the characteristics of formed parts when received, but which become part of the product during the manufacturing process.
Bx Life
Time at which x% of parts are expected to have failed. for example, B5 Life = time at which 5% of parts have failed.
Balanced Array
in an experiment the array of factors and levels must be balanced. To satisfy this there must be: 1. Equal numbers of levels in each column, 2. The Sum Product of each pair of columns equals zero (taking levels as '+' & '-').
Balanced Scorecard
A framework which translates a company's vision and strategy into a coherent set of performance measures. Developed by Robert Kaplan and David Norton (published in the Harvard Business Review in 1993), a balanced business scorecard helps businesses evaluate how well they meet their strategic objectives. It typically has four to six components, each with a series of submeasures. Each component highlights one aspect of the business. The balanced scorecard includes measures of performance that are lagging (return on capital, profit), medium-term indicators (like customer satisfaction indices) and leading indicators (such as adoption rates for, or revenue from, new products).
Bayesian Inference
A numerical estimate of the degree of belief in a hypothesis before and after evidence has been observed.
Batch
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform.
Bathtub Curve
The sum of all reliability failures over time (consists of the effects of early life failures, usefule life failures and wear out failures).
Benchmarking
A continuous process of measurement of products, services and work processes, against those recognised as leaders.
Benchmark Data
The results of an investigation to determine how competitors and/or best-in-class companies achieve their level of performance.
Best Practices
Best practices are practical techniques gained from experience that organizations may use to improve internal processes.
Bias
A systematic error which contributes to the difference between a population mean of measurements or test results and an accepted reference value.
Bimodal Distribution
A statistical distribution having two modes - indicating a mixing of two populations such as different shifts, machines, workers, etc.
Binomial Distribution
The distribution of a binomial response variable, one which has two possible outcomes - yes, no; pass, fail, etc.
Bill of Material
Total list of all components/materials required to manufacture the product.
Black Belt
A leadership structure for Six-sigma process improvement teams. Black Belts are highly-regarded, technically-oriented product or line personnel who have an ability to lead teams as well as to advise management.
Block Diagram
The block diagram is a simple pictorial representation of a system/sub-systems linked to illustrate the relationships between components / subsystems.
Blocking
a technique used in classical DOE to remove the effects of unwanted noise or variability from the experimental response so that only the effects from the control factors are present in the response data.
Boundary Diagram
Graphical illustration of a process or product and it's interfaces to other parts, processes, sub-systems and systems.
Box-Behken Design (BBD)
A form of response surface method.
Brainstorming
A method to get ideas from persons who are potential contributors. No criticism or discussion of ideas is allowed until all the ideas are recorded. The ideas are critically reviewed after the brainstorming session.
Bulk Materials
Are products that do not have the characteristics of formed parts when received, but which become part of the product during the manufacturing process.
Bx Life
Time at which x% of parts are expected to have failed. for example, B5 Life = time at which 5% of parts have failed.
D
Data Analysis
Breaking down the data to draw significant insights. Steps involved in data analysis - validate(make sure that the data is good), summarize (compute central tendency and dispersion), assess (histograms, etc) search for structure (relationship between variables with scatter plots, correlation, regression, etc), compare (mean, standard deviation, etc) and present results and draw conclusions.
Defect
An event of nonconformance to specification. Occurrence is measured in DPU, DPO, DPMO or Sigma Level. A given unit may have any number of defects - based on the number of opportunities. An unit with one or more defects is defective. Defects are caused by errors and measured using c-chart or u-chart. A binomial distribution characterizes defectives.
Delphi Method
Developed by N Dalkey & O Helmer (1953) in order to address military projects at the RAND Corporation. Since its creation, the method has been used frequently to make predictions, seek consensus and generate ideas. The technique recognizes human judgement as legitimate and useful input and allows experts to generate ideas systematically for a complex problem.
1 form the team
2 selection of experts - most studies use a 15-35 member panel
3 develop the first set of question or issues for idea generation
4 transmission of the first set of questions to experts
5 analysis of the first round of responses and feedback
6 preparation and transmission of the second set of questions
7 analysis of the second round of responses
8 resolution
Deming's 14 Points
1. Establish Constancy of Purpose: plan and manage to the plan; detect and correct deviations.
2. Improve constantly and forever every system of production and service: small continuous improvement is better than infrequent quantum leaps.
3. Eliminate numerical goals and quotas, including management by objective: unsupported arbitrary objectives can be both restrictive & demoralizing.
4. Eliminate fear so that everyone may work effectively for the Company: mistakes happen and fear of disclosure impedes correction.
5. Institute leadership: managers must not be cops or directors but rather coaches of the creative team.
6. End the practice of awarding business largely on the basis of price: product quality, product improvement and reliability of supply are important.
7. Break down the barriers between departments: encourage communication and cooperation - eliminate chimneys and silos.
8. Institute training on the job: as product and process content grows, not all employees come equally prepared.
9. Eliminate the annual rating or merit system: performance is subject to variation whereas shared reward develops teamwork.
10. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement: as employees promote the company, the company must develop its employees.
11. Eliminate slogans and exhortations: management, not an individual worker, is responsible for system performance.
12. Cease dependence on mass inspection: it is impractical to sort quality into a system that produces bad product.
13. Adopt the new philosophy: every department of the company can quantitatively measure its output.
14. Create a structure in top management to accomplish the transformation: successful systems can only be introduced and maintained by top management.
Density Function
The function which yields the probability that a particular random variable takes on any one of its possible values.
Design for Manufacturability and Assembly
A simultaneous engineering process designed to optimize the relationship between design function, manufacturability, and ease of assembly.
Design Information Checklist
A mistake proofing checklist designed to assure that all important items were considered in establishing design requirements.
Design Reviews
A proactive process to prevent problems and misunderstandings.
Design Validation
Testing to ensure that product conforms to defined user needs and/or requirements. Design validation follows successful design verification and is normally performed on the final product under defined, operating conditions. Multiple validations may be performed if there are different intended uses.
Design Verification
Testing to ensure that all design outputs meet design input requirements. Design verification may include activities such as: Design Review, Performing Alternate Calculations, Understanding Tests & Demonstrations and Review of Design Stage Documents Before Release.
DFMEA
Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis.
Documentation
Material defining the process to be followed (e.g, quality manual, operator instructions, graphics, pictorials).
DOE
Design of Experiments
Durability
The probability that an item will continue to function at customer expectation levels, at the useful life without requiring overhaul or rebuild due to wearout.
Data Analysis
Breaking down the data to draw significant insights. Steps involved in data analysis - validate(make sure that the data is good), summarize (compute central tendency and dispersion), assess (histograms, etc) search for structure (relationship between variables with scatter plots, correlation, regression, etc), compare (mean, standard deviation, etc) and present results and draw conclusions.
Defect
An event of nonconformance to specification. Occurrence is measured in DPU, DPO, DPMO or Sigma Level. A given unit may have any number of defects - based on the number of opportunities. An unit with one or more defects is defective. Defects are caused by errors and measured using c-chart or u-chart. A binomial distribution characterizes defectives.
Delphi Method
Developed by N Dalkey & O Helmer (1953) in order to address military projects at the RAND Corporation. Since its creation, the method has been used frequently to make predictions, seek consensus and generate ideas. The technique recognizes human judgement as legitimate and useful input and allows experts to generate ideas systematically for a complex problem.
1 form the team
2 selection of experts - most studies use a 15-35 member panel
3 develop the first set of question or issues for idea generation
4 transmission of the first set of questions to experts
5 analysis of the first round of responses and feedback
6 preparation and transmission of the second set of questions
7 analysis of the second round of responses
8 resolution
Deming's 14 Points
1. Establish Constancy of Purpose: plan and manage to the plan; detect and correct deviations.
2. Improve constantly and forever every system of production and service: small continuous improvement is better than infrequent quantum leaps.
3. Eliminate numerical goals and quotas, including management by objective: unsupported arbitrary objectives can be both restrictive & demoralizing.
4. Eliminate fear so that everyone may work effectively for the Company: mistakes happen and fear of disclosure impedes correction.
5. Institute leadership: managers must not be cops or directors but rather coaches of the creative team.
6. End the practice of awarding business largely on the basis of price: product quality, product improvement and reliability of supply are important.
7. Break down the barriers between departments: encourage communication and cooperation - eliminate chimneys and silos.
8. Institute training on the job: as product and process content grows, not all employees come equally prepared.
9. Eliminate the annual rating or merit system: performance is subject to variation whereas shared reward develops teamwork.
10. Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement: as employees promote the company, the company must develop its employees.
11. Eliminate slogans and exhortations: management, not an individual worker, is responsible for system performance.
12. Cease dependence on mass inspection: it is impractical to sort quality into a system that produces bad product.
13. Adopt the new philosophy: every department of the company can quantitatively measure its output.
14. Create a structure in top management to accomplish the transformation: successful systems can only be introduced and maintained by top management.
Density Function
The function which yields the probability that a particular random variable takes on any one of its possible values.
Design for Manufacturability and Assembly
A simultaneous engineering process designed to optimize the relationship between design function, manufacturability, and ease of assembly.
Design Information Checklist
A mistake proofing checklist designed to assure that all important items were considered in establishing design requirements.
Design Reviews
A proactive process to prevent problems and misunderstandings.
Design Validation
Testing to ensure that product conforms to defined user needs and/or requirements. Design validation follows successful design verification and is normally performed on the final product under defined, operating conditions. Multiple validations may be performed if there are different intended uses.
Design Verification
Testing to ensure that all design outputs meet design input requirements. Design verification may include activities such as: Design Review, Performing Alternate Calculations, Understanding Tests & Demonstrations and Review of Design Stage Documents Before Release.
DFMEA
Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis.
Documentation
Material defining the process to be followed (e.g, quality manual, operator instructions, graphics, pictorials).
DOE
Design of Experiments
Durability
The probability that an item will continue to function at customer expectation levels, at the useful life without requiring overhaul or rebuild due to wearout.
The next post will have the EFGH of quality terms...
No comments:
Post a Comment